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IBM System/4 Pi

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The IBM AP-101B CPU and I/O processor (right) and AP-101S (left)

The IBM System/4 Pi is a family of avionics computers used, in various versions, on the F-15 Eagle fighter, E-3 Sentry AWACS, Harpoon Missile, NASA's Skylab, MOL, and the Space Shuttle, as well as other aircraft. Development began in 1965, deliveries in 1967.[1] They were developed by the IBM Federal Systems Division and produced by the Electronics Systems Center in Owego, NY.[2]

It descends from the approach used in the System/360 mainframe family of computers, in which the members of the family were intended for use in many varied user applications. (This is expressed in the name: there are 4π steradians in a sphere, just as there are 360 degrees in a circle.[3]) Previously, custom computers had been designed for each aerospace application, which was extremely costly.

Early models

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In 1967, the System/4 Pi family consisted of these basic models:[4][5]

Specifications[6]
Model ISA
(instructions)		 Performance
(IPS)		 Weight
(pounds)
TC 54 48,500 17.3 pounds (7.8 kg)
CP 36 91,000 80 pounds (36 kg)
CP-2 36 125,000 47 pounds (21 kg)
EP 70 190,000 75 pounds (34 kg)
  • Model TC (Tactical Computer)[7][8] - A briefcase-size computer for applications such as missile guidance, helicopters, satellites and submarines.
  • Model CP (Customized Processor/Cost Performance)[9][10] - An intermediate-range processor for applications such as aircraft navigation, weapons delivery, radar correlation and mobile battlefield systems.[11]
    • Model CP-2 (Cost Performance - Model 2)[12]
  • Model EP (Extended Performance)[13][14] - A large-scale data processor for applications requiring real-time processing of large volumes of data, such as crewed spacecraft, airborne warning and control systems and command and control systems.

The Skylab space station employed the model TC-1,[15] which had a 16-bit word length and 16,384 words of memory with a custom input/output assembly. Skylab had two, redundant, TC-1 computers: a prime (energized) and a backup (non energized.) There would be an automatic switchover (taking on the order of one second) to the backup in the event of a critical failure of the prime.[16] A total of twelve were delivered to NASA by 1972. Two were flown on Skylab in 1973-1974; the others were used for testing and mission simulators.[17] The software management effort was led by Harlan Mills and Fred Brooks. The Skylab flight software development process incorporated many lessons learned during the IBM System/360 Operating System project, as described in Brooks' 1975 book The Mythical Man-Month.[17]

System/360 connections

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Connections with System/360:[18]

  • Main storage arrays of System/4 Pi were assembled from core planes that were militarized versions of those used in IBM System/360 computers
  • Software was for both 360 and 4 Pi
  • Model EP used an instruction subset of IBM System/360[19] (Model 44)[20] - user programs could be checked on System/360

AP-101

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The AP-101, being the top-of-the-line of the System/4 Pi range, shares its general architecture with the System/360 mainframes.[17] It has 16 32-bit registers, and uses a microprogram to define an instruction set of 154 instructions. Originally only 16 bits were available for addressing memory; later this was extended with four bits from the program status word register, allowing a directly addressable memory range of 1M locations. This avionics computer has been used in the U.S. Space Shuttle, the B-52 and B-1B bombers,[17] and other aircraft. It is a repackaged version of the AP-1 used in the F-15 fighter.[17] While today its specifications are exceeded by most modern microprocessors, it was considered high-performance for its era[citation needed] as it could process 480,000 instructions per second (0.48 MIPS; compared to the 7,000 instructions per second (0.007 MIPS) of the computer used on Gemini spacecraft, while top-of-the line microprocessors as of 2020 were capable of performing more than 2,000,000 MIPS).[17][21] It remained in service on the Space Shuttle because it worked, was flight-certified, and developing a new system would have been too expensive.[22]

The Offensive Avionics System, a retrofit update of the B-52, contains two AP-101C computers.[23] The B-1B employs a network of eight model AP-101F computers.[24]

Logic board from an IBM AP-101S Space Shuttle General Purpose Computer.

The AP-101B originally used in the Shuttle had magnetic-core memory. Each AP-101 on the Shuttle was coupled with an input-output processor (IOP), consisting of one Master Sequence Controller (MSC) and 24 Bus Control Elements (BCEs). The MSC and BCEs executed programs from the same memory system as the main CPU, offloading control of the Shuttle's serial data bus system from the CPU. The AP-101S upgrade in the early 1990s used semiconductor memory.[25] The Space Shuttle AP-101S was augmented by glass cockpit technology.

The Space Shuttle used five AP-101 computers as General-Purpose Computers (GPCs). Four operated in sync, for redundancy, while the fifth was a backup running software written independently. The Shuttle's guidance, navigation and control software was written in HAL/S, a special-purpose high-level programming language, while much of the operating system and low-level utility software was written in assembly language. AP-101s used by the US Air Force are mostly programmed in JOVIAL, such as the system found on the B-1B bomber.[26]

References

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  1. ^ IBM 1967, p. 1-3 (9).
  2. ^ IBM 1967, p. iv.
  3. ^ IBM 1967, Foreword, p. iii/iv (6).
  4. ^ IBM 1967.
  5. ^ Bedford, D. P.; Markarian, H.; Pleszkoch, N. L. (Mar 1967). "Appendix E: SYSTEM 4 Pi COMPUTER CHARACTERISTICS". Study of control computers for control moment gyro stability and control systems. Volume I - Engineering. Model TC and CP-2. pp. E-1 - E-21 (126-147).
  6. ^ IBM Overview.
  7. ^ IBM 1967, Section 2: Model TC, pp. 2-1 - 2-13/2-14 (20-32).
  8. ^ IBM Overview, Model TC, pp. -2-13 (1-16).
  9. ^ IBM 1967, Section 3: Model CP, pp. 3-1 - 3-9/3-10 (33-41).
  10. ^ IBM Overview, Model CP, pp. -3-15 (17-35).
  11. ^ IBM Overview, Model CP, p. 3 (23).
  12. ^ IBM Overview, Model CP-2, pp. -2-13 (36-51).
  13. ^ IBM 1967, Section 4: Model EP, pp. 4-1 - 4-13/4-14 (42-54).
  14. ^ IBM Overview, Model EP, pp. -2-18 (52-72).
  15. ^ Jenkins, Dennis (April 5, 2001). "Advanced Vehicle Automation and Computers Aboard the Shuttle". NASA History Homepage. NASA. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  16. ^ Cooper, A. E.; Chow, W. T. (1976). "Development of On-board Space Computer Systems". IBM Journal of Research and Development. 20: 5–19. doi:10.1147/rd.201.0005.
  17. ^ a b c d e f James E. Tomayko (March 1988). Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience (Report). NASA Scientific and Technical Division. NASA Contractor Report 182505. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2024.
  18. ^ IBM 1967, pp. 1–7, 1-12 - 1-13/1-14, 4-3 (13, 18–19, 44).
  19. ^ "1.1 System/360 Compatibility and 2.2 System/360 Compatibility". System/4 Pi Engineering Description: Model EP. Owego, NY: Federal Systems Division of IBM. 1966. pp. 1, 4-5 (6, 9-10).
  20. ^ IBM Overview, Model EP: Summary, p. 2 (56).
  21. ^ Marco Chiappetta (7 February 2020). "AMD Threadripper 3990X Review: A 64-Core Multithreaded Beast Unleashed". HotHardware. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  22. ^ Rossi, Ben (18 July 2011). "The shuttle: NASA's IT legacy". Information Age.
  23. ^ Gross, James P. (February 1981). Techniques for Interfacing Multiplex Systems (PDF) (Report). Air Force Systems Command.
  24. ^ Stormont, D.P.; Welgan, R. (23–27 May 1994). "Risk management for the B-1B computer upgrade". Proceedings of National Aerospace and Electronics Conference (NAECON'94). Vol. 2. pp. 1143–1149. doi:10.1109/NAECON.1994.332913. ISBN 0-7803-1893-5. S2CID 109575632.
  25. ^ Norman, P. Glenn (1987), "The new AP101S General-Purpose Computer (GPC) for the Space Shuttle", IEEE Proceedings, 75 (3): 308–319, Bibcode:1987IEEEP..75..308N, doi:10.1109/PROC.1987.13738, S2CID 19179436
  26. ^ Jovial to smooth U.S. Air Force shift to Ada. (processing language)

Bibliography

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